Trees are dying twice as fast as they did three decades ago in older forests of the western United States and scientists suspect warming temperatures are a contributing factor.
In the Pacific Northwest and southern British Columbia, the rate of tree death in older coniferous forests doubled in 17 years. That rate of increase is about 1.5 times faster than California forests, where mortality rates took 25 years to double. California, however, still had the highest tree mortality rates at the end of the study. Mortality has been lowest for forests in the interior states and the rate of change was slower, taking 29 years to double.
"This suggests that one, or several, northwestern tree species are sensitive to whatever is going on," says Jerry Franklin, a professor of forest resources at the University of Washington and one of 11 co-authors of a report in the Jan. 23 issue of Science.
Temperatures have risen more than 1 degree Fahrenheit in 30 years and that reduces snow pack, prolongs drought and helps insects and diseases to flourish, all of which could be affecting trees, according to the report in Science.
Trees are dying twice as fast as they did 17 years ago in Pacific Northwest forests like this one in the USDA Forest Service's Gifford Pinchot National Forest near Portland, Ore.
(Photo Credit: University of Washington)
Along with initiating the establishment of many of the long-term forest research plots in the Pacific Northwest, Franklin was a leader in ensuring that regular censuses have been taken on more than half of the 76 forest plots on which this paper is based. Scientists, technicians and students from the UW, Oregon State University and the U.S. Forest Service's Pacific Northwest Research Station have worked thousands of hours creating these long-term data sets in the Pacific Northwest. Other co-authors from the Pacific Northwest are OSU Professor Mark Harmon and UW graduate student Andrew Larson.
Researchers ride in the gondola of the 28-story Wind River Canopy Crane being used to study, among other things, tree mortality in an old growth forest in the Gifford Pinchot National Forest in southwest Washington state. The crane, operated by the University of Washington since 1997, is in a forest plot that was established for long-term study in 1948 by the Forest Service. Instruments at the crane site have been used to directly measure carbon flows between the forest and atmosphere for 10 years, the longest continuous such record in the Pacific Northwest.
(Photo Credit: Image : University of Washington)
Even small changes in mortality rates can add up because the effects compound. Just doubling the rate from 1 percent a year to 2 percent a year doesn't sound like much. For 100 trees, a 1 percent mortality per year means the stand would have 60 trees after 50 years. But a mortality rate of 2 percent per year would result in 36 trees after 50 years. In addition, a doubling of the rate can gradually change the very face of the forest, with the trees overall being younger and, presumably, smaller.
"An alarming implication of increased mortality rates is that the fundamental structure of these forests could be undergoing change," Franklin says. "The forests may stabilize at lower overall levels of biomass resulting in less carbon stored in the forests – although the old forests will still sequester large amounts of carbon."
The forests in the study were all older than 200 years and many were established more than 500 years ago. Such forests are considered to be much more in equilibrium than young forests where competition is a key reason trees die. Consequently, in young stands it is nearly impossible to distinguish changes in mortality related to external factors such as climate variability, Franklin says.
Older forests have trees of all ages and researchers found that mortality rates increased for all age groups, ruling out the idea that the increase resulted from the very oldest trees dying. Also ruled out were the effects of forest fragmentation, air pollution and suppressing wildfires, which can lead to overcrowded stands susceptible to insect attacks or catastrophic wildfires.
This is the first large-scale analysis of mortality rates in temperate forests. Much of the world's population – in North America, Europe, most of China and large portions of Russia – live near temperate forests so what happens in these forests has global importance, Franklin says.
Some scientists say that tree species unable to tolerate warmer conditions might just re-establish themselves in cooler areas. Given the speed at which warming appears to be occurring, Franklin questions whether tree species will be able to "migrate" at a sufficient rate, particularly in light of how temperate forest landscapes have been fragmented.
"My guess is that forest loss has the potential to greatly exceed forest establishment," Franklin says.
Discoveries of the type reported in Science are only possible as a result of long-term studies that depend on monitoring of forest plots over decades, Franklin says.
"Unfortunately, even though long-term data sets are the basic currency of ecological science, it is difficult to obtain the funding necessary to maintain long-term measurement programs," he says.
Source: University of Washington
An old-growth sugar pine in the Sierra Nevada Range in California dies after a bark beetle attack. Warmer temperatures that reduce snow pack, prolong drought and favors insects could be affecting trees.
(Photo Credit: Jerry Franklin/University of Washington)