Researchers at Northern Arizona University weighed in on the hotly debated relationship between lineage and behavior in microorganisms by using a new tool--quantitative stable isotope probing--producing results that have implications for how much may be lost when strains of bacteria are lost from a soil community.
Ember Morrissey and colleagues showed similar functioning by related bacteria in intact soil communities. These results run counter to the idea that unrelated bacteria typically overlap each other's functions, providing the same ecosystem services--a concept known as functional redundancy.
"Using this new approach," said Morrissey, "we can now answer many questions about the ecology of microorganisms and their role in determining ecosystem function that were previously out of reach."
Clustering in the use of carbon and oxygen shows an influence of evolutionary history on bacterial activity in soil. Credit: Morrissey et al. 2016
The research was funded by a $1.4 million grant from the Department of Energy, Genomic Sciences Program. Results have just been published in The ISME Journal. Morrissey, a postdoctoral researcher at NAU during the project, is now assistant professor of Environmental Microbiology at West Virginia University.
Quantitative stable isotope probing (qSIP) is an improvement over existing qualitative methods because it measures more than just the presence or absence of certain types of bacterial activity in soil--it measures the rate of that activity. Activity rate can then be linked to the DNA of a specific bacterial strain to look for patterns of behavior at a much finer scale.
Researchers incubated soil samples from an intact Northern Arizona ponderosa pine forest with water and glucose that were uniquely marked. The water contained a heavier form (isotope) of oxygen, and the glucose contained a heavier form of carbon. The amount of isotope used by different types of bacteria, measured using qSIP, is like a meter that shows how fast the bacteria grow and how much carbon they use.
Bacteria sharing a closer evolutionary history showed similar population growth rates and carbon use. Bacteria farther apart by lineage differed in these behaviors. The rates that different types of bacteria grow and assimilate carbon both affect how an ecosystem functions. This suggests that different types of bacteria may not always be able to substitute for each other's contribution to important processes.
Evolutionary history, or phylogeny, it turns out, does play a role in the activity of bacteria in soil communities. Linking bacterial lineages to specific types of activity in the soil offers a new way to understand how the specific mix of bacteria in soil influences ecosystem function.
source: Northern Arizona University