image: Professor Antonio Felipe and collaborators from the Laboratory of Molecular Physiology of the Faculty of Biology and the Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB).
Ionic channels -integral proteins in the cell membrane- are essential in several processes such as cardiac activity, nervous transmission, cell proliferation and the regulation of blood pressure. A study which has now been published in Science Advances describes for the first time the membrane traffic and association mechanisms of the Iks cardiac currents, a flow of potassium ions through ionic channels in the cell membrane which is decisive for the right cardiovascular function.
These molecular mechanisms that are related to the cardiac physiology have been characterized by a team of experts from the Laboratory of Molecular Physiology of the Faculty of Biology and the Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), under the supervision of Professor Antonio Felipe, from the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine.
Other participants in the study are experts from the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences and the Institute of Neurosciences (UBNeuro) of the UB; the August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS); the Alberto Sols Biomedical Research Institute (CSIC-UAM); the Biomedical Research Networking Center on Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV); the University of Exeter (United Kingdom) and the National Institute of Health in Bethesa (NHI).
Ionic channels: frontiers in cell membranes
Voltage-gate potassium channels (Kv) regulate the transmission of the nervous impulse and the potential of cardiac action through the passing of K ions across the plasmatic membrane that surrounds the cells.
The activity of these potassium channels is fundamental in processes related to the synaptic transmission, brain physiology and cardiac action potential. Although its physiological function seems to be clear in electric cells, "its role is uncertain in other type of cells that may be detected", notes Professor Antonio Felipe.
In particular, the Kv7.1 channel and its regulatory subunit KCNE1 generate the Iks current in the heart, an electrical flow that takes part in the repolarization of the heart tissue and intervenes in the QT interval of the cardiac action potential. When this interval is altered, long or short QT-, serious cardiac pathologies can appear (cardiac arrythmia, sudden death, etc.).
"Knowing the nature and functioning of these proteins is essential to understand, diagnose, and treat these pathologies, which represent a great social impact", notes Antonio Felipe.
Kv7.1-KCNE1 complex: unconventional processing mechanism
The new study describes how the Kv7.1 channel is placed in the cell membrane through an unknown and unconventional mechanism which involves an alternative route that avoids the classic route of Golgi apparatus, an organelle formed by a system of flattened cisterns in the cell cytoplasm. Also, the regulatory subunit KCNE1 follows a traditional processing mechanism through this cell organelle, which is related to the biosynthesis and transport of essential molecules for cell physiology.
The new study describes how the Kv7.1 (KCNQ1) channel and its regulatory subunit KCNE1 are related in specific dominions of the endoplasmic reticulum, a system formed by a complex network of membranes and related to the synthesis and transport of proteins.
These specialized dominions are located near the cell surface and are contact projections between the endoplasmic reticulum and the cell membrane (endoplasmic reticulum-plasma membrane junctions, ER-PM). ). These cell regions are assembly areas in the Kv7.1 channel (KCNQ1) with its regulatory subunit KCNE1 and are used as a previous step to the translocation of this protein complex to the plasmatic membrane so that this ionic channel develops its essential physiological function.
"This exclusive unconventional mechanism described in the new study explains the location of this ionic channel in specific regions of the cells in the cardiac muscle -such as T tubules- and its function in signalling pathways of calcium during the cardiac action potential", concludes Professor Antonio Felipe.