The post-war trend of falling birth rates has been reversed across Europe, according to a new study, but not because of family and fertility policies. Instead, it is individual social, cultural and economic factors more than policy interventions.
For decades, couples have been having children later in life while birth-rates among younger women have stabilized. Long-term trend towards lower fertility rates, an aging population and birth rates that remain below the level needed to change the balance between young and older people are now a concern. It used to be Europe encouraged abortion - now they may have to subsidize births or they won't have the workforce to pay for retirement of the elderly.
In 2004, RAND Europe published a report which explored the issues associated with low birth rates in Europe. At that time the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) was below the replacement level of 2.1 children per woman in every Member State of the EU. This new study updates the findings of the earlier report and examines the impact of the policy options available.
Lead author Stijn Hoorens said: 'The effects of individual policies aimed at family and fertility are relatively small and now the economic crisis has added a new level of uncertainty for policy makers. Early figures suggest that birth rates have fallen back in the wake of the economic down-turn.'
Key findings and implications
- Since the early 2000s there have been signs of recovering fertility. In all but four countries of the EU (Cyprus, Luxembourg, Malta and Portugal), fertility rates increased between 2000 and 2008.
- Despite this, the TFR remains below the replacement rate in all 27 EU countries and more than half (14) have a fertility rate below 1.5 children per women (all else being equal a fertility rate of 1.5 would lead to a population halving in size in fewer than seven decades).
- There are signs of a 'two speed Europe' developing with north western European states having higher fertility rates than central, southern and German speaking states.
- Nowadays, 1 in 5 babies in Europe has a mother who was born abroad. Migration is not the main reason behind the recovery of period fertility in Europe however. The reproductive behaviour of migrants played only a relatively modest role. But migration does tend to cause a rapid infusion of women in their reproductive years, which has a mitigating effect on population ageing.
- Despite the recovery, Europe's populations continue to age and policy makers will have to address the consequences for pensions, health care etc. Emerging evidence suggests that the economic crisis has triggered an end to the trend of recovering fertility.
Source: RAND Corporation