Brain

HOUSTON, TX, OCT. 17, 2008 – Mothers are casting their votes for healthy babies and asking all Americans to join them in signing the March of Dimes 2008 Petition for Preemies. They're putting public officials – and all Americans – on notice that it's time to focus on the growing problem of premature birth, the leading cause of newborn death.

During this year's baseball playoffs, Chicago White Sox outfielder Ken Griffey Jr., 38, threw a picture-perfect strike from center field to home plate to stop an opposing player from scoring. The White Sox ultimately won the game by a single run and clinched the division title.

Had Griffey been 40, it could be argued, he might not have made the throw in time. That's because in middle age, we begin to lose myelin — the fatty sheath of "insulation" that coats our nerve axons and allows for fast signaling bursts in our brains.

College students often spend their free time thinking about beer, but a group of Rice University students are taking it to the next level. They're using genetic engineering to create beer that contains resveratrol, a chemical in wine that's been shown to reduce cancer and heart disease in lab animals.

In the October 17, 2008 issue of Science, Oregon Research Institute (ORI) senior scientist Eric Stice, Ph.D., and colleagues provide evidence that blunted activation of brain regions when eating is related to current and future weight gain in young females. Results from two studies – the first prospective brain imaging studies on the development of obesity as it relates to decreased dopamine output -- suggest that individuals who experience weaker activation of reward circuitry when eating are more likely to be obese and are more likely to gain weight over time.

Using brain imaging and chocolate milkshakes, scientists have found that women with weakened "reward circuitry" in their brains are at increased risk of weight gain over time and potential obesity. The risk increases even more for women who also have a gene associated with compromised dopamine signaling in the brain.

Scientists know that different normal and diseased tissues behave differently. But a method that tells them just how they do so may one day give medical science a new way to fight obesity, hypertension, diabetes and other dangerous disorders of the metabolism.

Until now, scientists had to rely on basic observations at the cellular level, since they lacked information about the metabolic processes of individual organs, such as the liver, heart and brain.