To treat a complicated, non-healing bone defect, surgeons often use an implant with living cells to promote bone repair, but the implanted cells have a small chance of surviving because they are not prepared for a lack of oxygen and nutrients at the fracture site. Scientists from KU Leuven, Belgium, have now improved survival of these bone cells by preconditioning them to withstand the harmful environment before implantation. Their findings were published in Cell Metabolism.
When breaking an arm or leg, your body can repair the fracture itself in most cases. However, the body's repair capacity is not sufficient in large bone fractures or defects, which often fail to heal without help. To support bone generation, researchers worldwide are now developing living implants, consisting of cells seeded on supporting structures made of biological material.
Unfortunately, many obstacles still need to be tackled before we have a functional living implant, explains Professor Geert Carmeliet of the Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology Unit. "Often, only 30% of the implanted bone cells will survive the first days. A major reason is that the blood vessels around the fracture, which deliver oxygen and nutrients to the cells, are also damaged. The ingrowth of new blood vessels into the implant takes time and until then, the cells are out of fuel since oxygen and nutrient supply is insufficient. At the same time, the starved bone cells produce harmful oxygen radicals and thereby disturb the natural balance between antioxidants and oxygen radicals. An excess of these oxygen radicals causes irreversible cell damage."
This is the supporting structure of a bone implant (left), with an enlarged image of the bone cells seeded on it (right). Credit: Adapted from G. Kerckhofs et al., Acta Biomaterialia (2016).
Doctoral student Steve Stegen tested in mice how he could better equip the bone cells for that crucial stage between implantation and ingrowth of the blood vessels. He managed to switch on a survival mode in bone cells by inactivating the oxygen sensor PHD2 before implantation. "As a result, bone cells activate a dual defence mechanism. First, bone cells increase storage of an emergency fuel in the form of glycogen, which is in fact a sugar reservoir. In addition, bone cells start using glutamine -- an amino acid -- to produce more antioxidants to neutralise the increased production of harmful oxygen radicals. These two adjustments allow bone cells to be self-supporting in terms of energy generation and to protect themselves against an increased level of oxygen radicals."
The oxygen sensor PHD2 can be inactivated via genetic engineering, but, more interestingly for use in the clinical setting, also by administering therapeutic molecules, explains Professor Carmeliet. "Reprogramming bone cells obtained from patients might increase their survival rate from 30% to 60%, which will ultimately lead to better bone regeneration. In future research, we will examine whether this technique also works in even larger bone defects and by using human cells."
source: KU Leuven